![]() the total prevalence of pica is likely higher than reported in these studies. Because most studies in this review were limited to severe cases of pica resulting in intervention. In a literature review conducted by Matson et al, 1 pica prevalence estimates in children or adults with ASD and/or ID ranged from 4% to 26% the highest estimates were found in populations that were institutionalized because of their disabilities. Neumeyer et al 23 assessed children with ASD who were treated at 15 Autism Treatment Network sites they reported pica prevalence was 3.0% in children 6 years old. In their prospective population-based cohort study, Emond et al 22 reported that children who were eventually diagnosed with ASD were more likely to have increased pica behavior at 38 and 54 months (12.3% and 12.5%, respectively) than controls (2.3% and 0.7%). 2, 3, 14– 21 In few studies has pica prevalence in individuals with ASD been systematically assessed. Available information is primarily from published case series and reports. However, studies of pica in individuals with ASD and other developmental disabilities (DDs) are limited. 5, 7, 9– 11 Individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and/or intellectual disability (ID) have higher rates of self-injurious behavior (all types) than the general population, 12, 13 and pica specifically has been implicated as a problem for these populations. Pica is considered a self-injurious behavior, defined as self-inflicted, harmful behavior that occurs without apparent intent of willful self-harm. 3– 6 These complications are associated with substantial morbidity and have led to fatalities in some patients. ![]() Pica, the repeated ingestion of nonfood items lacking nutritional value, 1, 2 can result in gastrointestinal parasites, lead toxicity, nutritional deficiencies, choking, poisoning, sepsis, and intestinal obstruction or perforation.
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